Planetary Science
Conceptual cross-section of the Cloud Continent proposal showing three layers: the CO2 atmosphere below, the nitrogen-filled honeycomb structure at 50 km altitude, and the habitable atmosphere above

Cloud Continents: Terraforming Venus

A review of Howe's 2022 proposal for terraforming Venus by constructing a floating artificial surface at 50 km altitude, …...

Planetary Science
Venus as seen by Mariner 10, showing swirling cloud patterns in the dense atmosphere

Venus Evolution Through Time

A review of Widemann et al.'s synthesis of key science questions, mission concepts, and future investigations for …...

Planetary Science
Venus as seen by Mariner 10, showing swirling cloud patterns in the dense atmosphere

Life on Venus

A review of Cockell's 1999 analysis of Venus's habitability, examining physical limits on the surface, cloud-layer …...

Computational Chemistry

SELFIES: The Original Paper (Krenn et al. 2020)

The 2020 paper introducing SELFIES, the 100% robust molecular representation that solves SMILES validity problems in ML.

Computational Chemistry

SMILES: The Original Paper (Weininger 1988)

Weininger's 1988 paper introducing SMILES notation, the string-based molecular representation that revolutionized …

Machine Learning Fundamentals
Sphere packing illustration showing Shannon's geometric interpretation of channel capacity

Communication in the Presence of Noise

Shannon's 1949 foundational paper establishing information theory, channel capacity, and the sampling theorem for …...

Computational Chemistry
Protein folding energy landscape funnel showing high-energy unfolded states converging to the native state

How to Fold Graciously: The Levinthal Paradox

A perspective paper defining the Grand Challenge of protein folding: distinguishing kinetic pathways from thermodynamic …...

Computational Chemistry
Log-scale plot showing exponential growth of alkane isomer counts from C1 to C40

The Number of Isomeric Hydrocarbons of the Methane Series

Henze and Blair's 1931 JACS paper deriving exact recursive formulas for counting alkane isomers up to C₄₀.

Planetary Science
Magellan radar mosaic of Venus showing the northern hemisphere with volcanic plains, tesserae, and lava flows in orange-brown tones

The Surface of Venus

A review of Basilevsky and Head's synthesis of Venus's geology and surface features, emphasizing radar imaging and …...

Scientific Computing
Velocity Autocorrelation Function showing the signature negative region characteristic of liquid dynamics

Digital Restoration: Modernizing Rahman's 1964 Argon Simulation

How I used modern software engineering (caching, vectorization, and dependency locking) to reproduce a 60-year-old …...

Scientific Computing
Velocity Autocorrelation Function showing the signature negative region characteristic of liquid dynamics and the cage effect discovered by Rahman

Digital Restoration: Modernizing Rahman's 1964 Argon Simulation

A high-fidelity replication of foundational molecular dynamics using modern software engineering practices: caching, …...

Computational Chemistry

Nonphysical Sampling Distributions in Monte Carlo Free-Energy Estimation: Umbrella Sampling

Torrie and Valleau's 1977 paper introducing Umbrella Sampling, an importance sampling technique for Monte Carlo …...